Phytochemical Analysis of the Roots of Solanum diphyllum L. as a Potential Exotic Weed in Purwosari Village Studi Fitokimia Akar pada (Solanum diphyllum L). sebagai Gulma Eksotis yang berpotensi di Kalurahan Purwosari
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the phytochemical constituents of the roots of Solanum diphyllum L., an exotic species that has naturalized in Purwosari Village. Root samples were extracted by maceration, followed by qualitative phytochemical screening using tube tests to detect alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds. The results showed positive reactions for alkaloids and flavonoids, while phenolic compounds were not detected in the root extract. These findings indicate that the roots of S. diphyllum contain specific secondary metabolites with potential biological relevance. This study provides preliminary information that may support further phytochemical investigations and contribute to considerations for the utilization and ecological management of the exotic species S. diphyllum in tropical environments.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
[1] M. R. Hariri and A. S. D. Irsyam, “Catatan tentang Solanum diphyllum L. (Solanaceae) ternaturalisasi di Pulau Jawa,” Al-Kauniyah J. Biol., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 25–32, 2018.
[2] P. Pyšek et al., “Scientists’ Warning On Invasive Alien Species,” Biol. Rev., vol. 95, no. 6, pp. 1511–1534, 2020, doi: 10.1111/brv.12627.
[3] J. Supriatna, Konservasi Biodiversitas: Teori Dan Praktik Di Indonesia. Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia, 2018.
[4] B. Mandala and H. Darmawan, “Keanekaragaman dan Pola Sebaran Spesies Tumbuhan Asing Invasif di Kawasan Cagar Alam Durian Luncuk II,” J. Silva Trop., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 13–24, 2025.
[5] T. M. Blackburn, C. Bellard, and A. Ricciardi, “Alien versus native species as drivers of recent extinctions,” Front. Ecol. Environ., vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 203–207, 2019, doi: 10.1002/fee.2020.
[6] L. H. Nugroho and Y. S. Hartini, Farmakognosi Tumbuhan Obat: Kajian Spesifik Genus Piper. UGM Press, 2021.
[7] F. Fakri et al., “Kajian Etnofarmasi Tumbuhan Obat di Kawasan Geotermal Ie Seum, Aceh Besar: Eksplorasi Pengetahuan Tradisional dan Potensi Farmakologis,” J. Pharm. Sci., pp. 1160–1166, 2025.
[8] C. I. Dalimunthe and A. Rachmawan, “Prospek Pemanfaatan Metabolit Sekunder Tumbuhan Sebagai Pestisida Nabati Untuk Pengendalian Patogen Pada Tanaman Karet,” War. Perkaretan, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 15–28, 2017.
[9] F. Faramayuda, Seri Buku Ajar Bioteknologi Tumbuhan Obat Kultur Jaringan Tanaman. Deepublish, 2025.
[10] W. Anggraeni, Y. Nuralisa, and A. Supriyatna, “Inventory of Solanaceae Family Plants in Goalpara Sukabumi,” IJESPG (International J. Eng. Econ. Soc. Polit. Gov., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 57–62, 2023.
[11] Y. Krisnawati and Y. Febrianti, “Identifikasi Tumbuhan Famili Solanaceae yang Terdapat di Kecamatan Tugumulyo,” J. Bio dan Pend. Bio. Biosf., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 73–84, 2019.
[12] P. Singh and M. P. Singh, “Solanum diphyllum L. (Solanaceae) – Sebuah Catatan Baru Untuk Uttar Pradesh, India,” Indian For., vol. 141, no. 9, pp. 1001–1002, 2015.
[13] S. Sadewa, R. Susanti, and N. A. Hashim, “Eksplorasi Gulma Di Bukit Kor Marang Terengganu Malaysia,” J. Al Ulum LPPM Univ. Al Washliyah Medan, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 61–69, 2024.
[14] H. Jannah and S. Safnowandi, “Identifikasi Jenis Tumbuhan Obat di Kawasan Desa Batu Mekar Kecamatan Lingsar Kabupaten Lombok Barat,” Biosci. J. Ilm. Biol., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1–15, 2018.
[15] S. H. Brown, C. Marble, and S. Enloe, “Distribution, Identification, and Management of Two-Leaf Nightshade (Solanum diphyllum),” University of Florida IFAS Extension, 2020.
[16] C. Kalidass and P. C. Panda, Genus Solanum L. (Solanaceae) di Pegunungan Eastern Ghats India: Gambaran Keanekaragaman, Distribusi, dan Taksonomi Spesies. Pusat Sumber Daya Tumbuhan Regional, 2019.
[17] F. A. Hamada, A. I. Hamed, M. G. Sheded, and A. S. M. Shaheen, “Aspek makro, mikro- morfologi, dan bioaktivitas Solanum diphyllum L. yang telah teradaptasi secara alami,” in Al-Azhar Bulletin of Science Proceedings, 2010, p. 440.
[18] L. T. Markle, W. A. Overholt, and K. A. Langeland, “Gulma di Area Alami: Spesies Solanum Invasif di Florida,” University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ag318
[19] K. D. Perkins and W. W. Payne, Panduan Tanaman Beracun Dan Mengiritasi Di Florida. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 1978.
[20] M. Indrawan, R. B. Primack, and J. Supriatna, Biologi Konservasi: Edisi Revisi. Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia, 2007.
[21] H. Manurung, Tabat Barito (Ficus deltoidea Jack): Kajian Budidaya, Kandungan Metabolit Sekunder, Bioaktivitas, Prospek Fitofarmakologis. Deepublish, 2021.
[22] F. E. Purwaningsih, Botani Farmasi: Anatomi Dan Morfologi Organ Tumbuhan. Jakad Media Publishing, 2024.
[23] T. Ismandari, Ed., Sink Source Relationship dalam Tanaman. Syiah Kuala University Press, 2021.
[24] N. Mailidarni and T. Djafar, Fisiologi Tumbuhan: Proses, Mekanisme, dan Adaptasi. Elfarazy Media Publisher, 2025.
[25] S. Knapp, “A Revision of the Solanum nigrum Complex (Solanaceae),” Phytotaxa, 2013.
[26] W. A. Andriyuni, A. Pitoyo, and E. Anggarwulan, “Karakterisasi Meristem Ujung Tajuk Planlet Dendrobium (Orchidaceae) Setelah Penambahan Zat Pengatur Tumbuh BA (Benzyl Adenin),” Biol. J. Indones., vol. 1, no. 1, 2020.
[27] A. Yuniar, “Kajian Fenologi Pembungaan Dan Pembuahan Kecipir (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC) Sebagai Pengayaan Materi Ajar Biologi Reproduksi,” Universitas Jambi, 2025.
[28] D. L. Rahmawati, “Keragaman Morfologi Dan Anatomi Organ Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken Pada Ketinggian Berbeda Di Mojokerto,” Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim, 2020.
[29] S. A. Nio and P. Torey, “Karakter Morfologi Akar Sebagai Indikator Kekurangan Air Pada Tanaman,” J. Bios Logos, vol. 3, no. 1, 2013.
[30] S. Knapp, “Solanum diphyllum,” Solanaceae Source: Sumber Taksonomi Global untuk Keluarga Solanaceae. 2013. [Online]. Available: http://solanaceaesource.org/content/solanum-diphyllum
[31] A. Wahyudi and F. K. Sari, “Keragaan Karakter Morfologi Tanaman Tomat (Solanum lycopersicum) Kultivar Micro-Tom Kuning Dan Rainbow,” 2021.
[32] S. Rahayu and M. S. Sipayung, Penyakit Pada Akasia Dan Eukaliptus Serta Pengelolaannya Di Indonesia. UGM Press, 2025.
[33] H. Kurniawan, S. N. Nurbaeti, F. Nugraha, and I. Fajriaty, “Profil Kadar Metabolit Sekunder: Steroid, Alkaloid, dan Tanin Ekstrak Daun Bintangur (Calophyllum soulattri),” Sasambo J. Pharm., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 83–90, 2024.
[34] S. Wahyuni and M. P. Marpaung, “Penentuan Kadar Alkaloid Total Ekstrak Akar Kuning (Fibraurea chloroleuca Miers) Berdasarkan Perbedaan Konsentrasi Etanol Dengan Metode Spektrofotometri UV-Vis,” Dalt. J. Pendidik. Kim. Dan Ilmu Kim., vol. 3, no. 2, 2020.
[35] H. Hasan et al., Farmakognosi dan Fitokimia: Dasar Pengobatan Herbal. Repositori Kakinaan, 2024.
[36] N. R. W. Sari, “Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Isolat Fungi Endofit Dari Lamun Menggunakan Metode DPPH,” Universitas Islam Sultan Agung Semarang, 2023.
[37] W. O. Tikirik et al., “Uji Kualitatif Kandungan Asam Pada Kosmetik Dan Bahan Pangan Menggunakan FeCl3,” J. Teknol. Pangan Dan Ind. Perkeb., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 28–32, 2023.
[38] D. J. Asih, N. K. Warditiani, and I. G. S. Wiarsana, “Review Artikel: Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Amla (Phyllanthus emblica / Emblica officinalis),” Humantech J. Ilm. Multidisiplin Indones., vol. 1, no. 6, pp. 674–687, 2022.
[39] R. Nurmaulawati, “Kajian Literatur Uji Aktivitas Antikanker Payudara Tanaman Ranti (Solanum nigrum Linn.) Secara In Vitro Dan In Vivo,” J. Farm. Medica, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 44–53, 2021.
[40] F. D. Oktavia and S. Sutoyo, “Skrining Fitokimia, Kandungan Flavonoid Total, Dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Tumbuhan Selaginella doederleinii,” J. Kim. Ris., vol. 6, no. 2, p. 141, 2021.
[41] S. Nurshazidah et al., “Uji Kadar Flavonoid Total Pada Simplisia Daun Kelor (Moringa oleifera L.) Dari Berbagai Jenis Pereaksi,” J. Ilm. Wahana Pendidik., vol. 9, no. 16, pp. 712–723, 2023.
[42] P. I. Nasrul and M. Chatri, “Peranan Metabolit Sekunder Sebagai Antifungi,” J. Pendidik. Tambusai, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 15832–15844, 2024.
[43] M. Silalahi, “Solanum torvum Dan Bioaktivitasnya,” J. Ilm. Ilmu Kesehat. Wawasan Kesehat., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 133–142, 2019.
[44] D. P. Sari, M. Y. Kusumastuti, and S. Safriana, “Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Dan Berbagai Fraksi Daun Rimbang (Solanum torvum Swartz) Terhadap Staphylococcus Aureus,” J. Pharm. Sci., pp. 440–449, 2023.
[45] J. S. Kaunda and Y. J. Zhang, “The genus Solanum: An ethnopharmacological, phytochemical and biological properties review,” Nat. Products Bioprospect., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 77–137, 2019.
[46] J. A. Delbrouck, M. Desgagné, C. Comeau, K. Bouarab, F. Malouin, and P. L. Boudreault, “The therapeutic value of Solanum steroidal (glyco)alkaloids: A 10-year comprehensive review,” Molecules, vol. 28, no. 13, p. 4957, 2023.
[47] T. P. Cushnie, B. Cushnie, and A. J. Lamb, “Alkaloids: An Overview of Their Antibacterial, Antibiotic-Enhancing and Antivirulence Activities,” Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 377–386, 2014.
[48] K. Jayakumar and K. Murugan, “Solanum alkaloids and their pharmaceutical roles: A review,” J. Anal. Pharm. Res., vol. 3, no. 6, p. 75, 2016.
[49] A. R. Awan, W. M. Shaw, and T. Ellis, “Biosynthesis of therapeutic natural products using synthetic biology,” Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., vol. 105, pp. 96–106, 2016.
[50] W. A. Anggono, “Analisis Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Miracle Fruit (Synsepalum dulcificum) Secara In Vitro dan In Silico,” Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim, 2024.
[51] A. Syahrani et al., “Kajian Senyawa Bioaktif Pada Buah Solanum lycopersicum Yang Diekstraksi Secara Perkolasi,” J. Lentera Ilm. Kesehat., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 16–22, 2025.
[52] S. M. Sari, “Kajian Penyerapan Fenol Oleh Tanaman Eceng Gondok (Eichhornia crassipes),” 2005.
[53] G. Agati et al., “Are flavonoids effective antioxidants in plants? Twenty years of our investigation,” Antioxidants, vol. 9, no. 11, p. 1098, 2020.
[54] B. Tian, Y. Pei, W. Huang, J. Ding, and E. Siemann, “Increasing Flavonoid Concentrations In Root Exudates Enhance Associations Between Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi And An Invasive Plant,” ISME J., vol. 15, no. 7, pp. 1919–1930, 2021.
[55] D. Sharma, A. Koul, S. Kaul, and M. K. Dhar, “Tissue-Specific Transcriptional Regulation And Metabolite Accumulation In Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.),” Protoplasma, vol. 257, no. 4, pp. 1093–1108, 2020.
[56] V. S. Fedenko, S. A. Shemet, L. Guidi, and M. Landi, “Metal/metalloid-induced accumulation of phenolic compounds in plants,” in Metal Toxicity in Higher Plants, M. Landi, S. A. Shemet, and V. S. Fedenko, Eds., 2020, pp. 67–115.
[57] A. Nisar, “Medicinal Plants and Phenolic,” in Phenolic Compounds: Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications, 2022, p. 131.
[58] S. J. Hossain, “Phenolic content, anti-oxidative, anti-α-amylase and anti-α-glucosidase activities of Solanum diphyllum L.,” J. Med. Plants Res., 2009.
[59] K. Murugan, P. Devi, and J. Selvakumar, “Micromorphological and FTIR Characterization of Solanum diphyllum L.,” Biosci. Discov., 2014.
[60] P. Acevedo-Rodríguez and M. T. Strong, Catalogue of Seed Plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Institution, 2012.
[61] E. Werker, “Trichome Diversity And Development,” Plant Biol., 2000.
[62] A. Fahn, Plant Anatomy. Pergamon Press, 1990.
[63] M. A. El-Sayed, S. M. Ezzat, and M. M. Salama, “Cytotoxicity of 3-O-(β-D-Glucopyranosyl) Etioline, a Steroidal Alkaloid from Solanum diphyllum L.,” Zeitschrift für Naturforsch. C, 2009.
[64] S. Maitra and T. Sarkar, “Phytochemicals and Bioactivities of Solanum Species: A Review,” J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem., vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 1581–1588, 2017.
[65] P. M. Dewick, Medicinal Natural Products: A Biosynthetic Approach. John Wiley S Sons, 2002.
[66] M. Friedman, “Potato glycoalkaloids and metabolites: Roles in plant defense and potential risks to humans,” J. Agric. Food Chem., 2006.